Index
Note: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.A
ABC. See Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Abilene (high-performance network), 205
Abramson, Norman, 69, 71
academic centers
ARPAnet hosts, 38, 60, 102, 126
BITnet, 99, 105, 107
Gopher browser, 153-54, 161
information sharing, 67, 95
"Intergalactic Computer Network," 37, 48-49
Internet2, 205, 216, 238, 260-61
LANs, 66
NSFnet, 134
PLATO Notes, 76, 77
Usenet, 99, 102-3
vBNS network, 205
World Wide Web critics, 166
See also education; scientific research; specific institutions
Acceptable Use Policy, 155, 157, 158
Acid Phreak (pseudonym), 123, 144, 145
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
acronyms, 103
addresses, electronic
ICANN formation, 190
IP numbers, 91, 99, 190, 228
MBONE system, 169, 185
name server, 110, 112, 118
personal name/@ symbol, 73, 74
See also Domain Name System
Adleman, Leonard, 91, 92
Advanced Dungeons and Dragons Players Handbook (Gygax), 100
Advanced Research Projects Agency. See ARPA
ADVENT, 101
Adventure, 85
advertising
banner, 117, 239-40, 243-44
of Macintosh computer, 100, 116, 117
personalized, 243-44, 259
portals and, 267-68
spam, 183-84
as virtual community threat, 270, 271
aerospace companies, 40
Afghanistan, 265
Africa, 138, 265
"Africa 1, Hollywood 0" (Browning), 214
African Americans, 138
AFRICA ONE, 138
Agents, Inc. See Firefly Networks
AI. See artificial intelligence
Aiken, Howard, 8, 21-22, 21, 26, 27
airline reservation system, 36, 49-52
algebra, 9-10
algorithms, 17, 158, 170, 250, 257
Allen, Paul, 67, 84, 86, 87, 88
Allisat, Bob, 229
ALOHAnet, 65, 66, 69, 71, 78, 80
Altair 8800, 67, 82-84, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 132
AltaVista, 181, 182
AlterNic, 217, 219-20
amateur radio operators. See hams
Amazing Stories (magazine), 85
Amazon.com, 156, 244, 247, 257, 259
American Airlines, 36, 49, 50-52
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 159
American Civil Liberties Union, 174, 207, 217
American National Standards Institute, 47
American Standard Codes for Information Interchange. See ASCII
America Online, 126, 133, 182
birth of, 142-43
class-action suit against, 214-15, 234
Navisoft subsidiary, 182-83
Netscape merger, 143, 192, 234, 236, 263
as prominent portal, 266, 268
search engine, 182
virtual communities, 270
Amnesty International, 81
amplifier, 19, 28
analog, 36, 42
Analytical Engine, 3, 7-8
"AND" (as logical operator), 9, 10
Andreessen, Marc, 171-73
biography, 172
Java endorsement by, 200
Mosaic browser, 153, 171-72
Netscape cofounding, 154-55, 173, 176-77
Netscape-Yahoo! link, 182
WWW Hall of Fame induction, 185
androids, 32
Angelfire, 271
animal rights group, 196
animation, 165, 199, 202
animats, 258
antiabortion Web site, 174, 191
antitrust
e-commerce potential for, 248
Microsoft suit, 86, 125, 209, 210-11, 222-23, 236, 261-62, 263
telephone, 178
anti-Vietnam War protests, 38, 64, 75
antivirus software, 3, 168
AOL. See America Online
aol.com, 234
AOL Netfind directory, 181
AOLPress, 182-83
Apache 1.0, 192, 202-3
Apache Group, 202-3
Apollo space program, 45, 56
Apple Computer, 95, 97, 98, 114-18, 143, 182, 224
classroom use, 113
first GUI-based personal computer, 114, 115, 116
harmful viruses, 168
Jobs's departure from, 122, 130-31, 148
LinuxPPC operating system, 233
Macintosh debut, 100, 116, 117
See also Macintosh personal computer
Apple II personal computer, 114
applets, 202
appliances, Internet-enabled, 242, 251
armed forces. See military
ARMM (Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation), 211
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 34-35, 37, 39,
52, 54, 145
DARPA as manager, 82
DCA as manager, 88
IPTO office, 48, 54, 56, 69, 74
long-distance computer connection. See ARPAnet
organization and operation, 43-44, 48, 49
time-sharing system, 53, 72
ARPAnet, 1, 5, 63, 65, 66, 69, 80, 102, 105
academic counterculture influence on, 38, 60
creation of, 34-35, 39, 40, 52, 54, 56, 62
decommissioning of, 127, 145
e-mail program, 73-74
expansion of, 125-26
External Gateway Protocol, 109
first nonmilitary mailing list, 85
first plan unveiled, 58-59
growth of sites, 80, 98, 102
host computers. See IMPs
hosts.txt file, 173
initial sites, 61-62, 115, 228
Internet Configuration Control Board, 98
Internet evolution from, 49, 103, 104, 110, 134, 216
(See also Internet)
internetwork message transmission, 90-91, 104
message program, 68
MUD game, 101
original outline, 62
packet switching, 45, 47
public awareness of, 68, 87-88
public debut of, 74, 76
Spacewar game, 46
TCP/IP protocol, 109-10
TELEnet as civilian twin, 80
text telephone system, 252
Ars Electronica Festival of Art, Technology and Society, 160
a.r.s. newsgroup, 186
artificial intelligence, 15, 23, 257, 258
artificial life, 257, 258
artificial satellites. See satellites
ASCII, 47, 103
Asian Pacific Network Consortium, 205
Asia Online, 199
Ask Jeeves, 181
"As We May Think" (Bush), 24, 25
Atanasoff, John, 19-20
Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 20, 40
AT&T, 43, 47, 76, 123, 144
Atari, 47, 98, 111, 182
Atlantic Monthly (magazine), 24, 25
@ symbol, 73, 74
attention deficit disorder, 166
audio, 165, 169
AUP (Acceptable Use Policy), 155, 157, 158
Australia, 102-3, 109, 126
authentication of documentation, 91
Autodesk, 108
Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation, 211
automotive industry, 2
AutoPC, 253
[back to top]
B
Babbage, Charles, 3, 4, 7, 8, 21
Babbage, Henry, 8
Baeza-Yates, R. A., 225
Baker, Jake, 174
Balachandranan, A., 225
Balkans, 159
Ball, Patrick, 159
Ballistics Research Laboratory, 26
Ballmer, Steve, 86
Baltimore (Maryland), 5, 9
bandwith, 237-38, 244-46
defined, 244-45
banking, electronic, 91, 92, 156, 179
banner advertising, 117, 239-40, 243-44
Baran, Paul, 35, 40, 45-47, 59, 160
Bardeen, John, 28
Barker, Ben, 62
Barksdale, Jim, 222, 223
Barlow, John Perry, 121, 124, 145, 146, 147, 170
Bartle, Richard, 100, 101
base eight, 47
base sixteen, 47
BASIC
development and free distribution of, 84, 86-87
Gates-Allen interpreter, 67, 86, 87
Gates charge of piracy, 88, 90
batch processing, 50
BBN. See Bolt, Beranek and Newman
BBSs. See bulletin board systems
Because It's There Network. See BITnet
Because It's Time Network. See BITnet
Bechtolsheim, Andreas, 165
Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
See BASIC
Behlendorf, Brian, 202
Bell, Al (pseudonym), 75
Bell, Alexander Graham, 6, 11-13, 75
Bell Labs. See Bell Telephone Laboratories
Bellovin, Steve, 99, 102
Bell South, 144
Bell Telephone Laboratories
modem development, 36, 42-43
Multics software, 53
Shannon theorems, 30
time-sharing software, 37
transistor development, 28-29, 44
Unix operating system, 68, 71-73, 102
Berg, Paul, 131
Berlin Wall, 40, 122
Berne Convention on International Copyright of 1886, 213
Berners-Lee, Tim, 66, 162-64, 162
biography, 163
first graphical browser, 153
hypertext system, 126-27, 149, 150
NeXt use, 130, 137
World Wide Web development, 149-50, 150, 162-64, 166
W3C leadership, 178, 224
Bernstein, Carl, 81
Bernstein v. U.S. Department of State, 250
Berry, Clifford, 19-20
bestiality, 204
Big Blue. See IBM
Bignote, 257
Bilas, Frances, 28
Bina, Eric, 153, 172
binary system
ASCII characters, 47
compiler translation, 27
electromechanical computer, 17-19
electronic computer, 19-20
electronic deciphering machine, 20
flip-flop switch, 14
Morse code, 5
bit, coining of term, 30
BITnet, 99, 105, 107, 110, 125
Bitzer, Don, 77
Blade Runner (film), 32
Blaze, Matt, 171
blindness, 12, 252
blue box, 75, 75, 130
bodyshopping, 225
Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 5, 61, 73, 74, 79-80, 90, 99
Bolter, Jay, 166
Bombes, 20, 28
Boole, George, 9, 10
Boolean algebra, 9-10
boot sector, 168
Border Gateway Protocol, 109
Bosack, Len, 122, 148
Boston Eats, 257
Boston Working Group, 228
bots, 211
Boucher, Frederick, 155, 158
Brady, Tim, 182
brain. See human brain
Brand, Stewart, 113, 127, 128
brand loyalty, 257, 259
Brattain, Walter, 28
Brazil, 193
Brilliant, Larry, 4, 127-28
Britany, 106
British Science Museum, 3
Brooks, Rodney, 258
Browning, John, 214
Brown University, 56
browsers, 127
cookie insertion, 81, 244
early, 164
first graphical, 153-54 (See also Mosaic)
Gopher, 153-54, 161, 162
Microsoft-Netscape war, 209-11 (See also Internet Explorer;
Netscape Navigator)
Microsoft tactics, 86, 89, 192
"pull" retrieval, 220
as surveillance agent, 258
bug
use of term, 26-27
virus as intentional, 168
bulletin board systems, 4, 23, 75, 77
adult-material, 218
American Online, 126, 142-43
cancelbot unathorized erasures, 211-12
CBBS, 68, 69, 92, 93-94
CommuniTree, 113
FidoNet, 99, 112, 114
first, 68
graffiti hits, 113
health-related, 135
proliferation of, 93, 126
social and cultural benefits, 270
spam, 183-84
WELL, 4
bundling, 209, 210, 221-23, 224
Burma, 159
Burma List, 141
Burroughs Adding Machine, 2
Bush, George, 122, 151, 152
Bush, Vannevar, 24-25, 54
Bushnell, Nolan, 47
business and commerce
advertising online, 239-40
airline reservations system, 36, 49-52
bias against free software, 232, 233
COBOL language, 27, 28
computer-dependency, 98
consumer "smart" electronics, 250-51, 253
domain names, 196
encryption devices, 171, 240
extranets, 253-54
hacker activity as financial drain on, 123, 144
home pages/Web sites, 176, 183
IBM microcomputer use, 97
information technology (IT) departments, 232-33
intelligent agent uses, 257, 259
Internet opened to, 155, 158
Internet-related revenues, 154-55
Internet uses, 151, 185
local area networks, 66
mobile workers, 221
network computer uses, 208-9, 264
networks, 155-56, 157-58
network security concerns, 124-25
online services, 155-56, 179-80, 239, 246-49
overseas operations, 193, 225
portals, 267-68
real-time computing, 36
software designed for, 59, 96
software unauthorized duplication, 235
TELEnet link, 80
UNIVAC, 30-32
venture capitalists, 98, 148, 154, 155, 182
virtual communities, 271
WELL, 127-30
See also high-tech companies
business machines, 2
Byron, Ada. See Lovelace, Ada
Byte (magazine), 93
[back to top]
C
C (programming language), 68, 72
Cable Act of 1984, 70
cable modems, 238, 246
cable television, 70, 178, 246
cabling technology, 246
cache, 214
Cade, Joyce, 31
Cailliau, Robert, 127, 149, 150
calculators, 7-8, 19, 21
Computer as job title for, 28
Caldera, 89
California, 34, 52, 184, 187; See also Silicon Valley
Cambodia, 265
Canada, 205
cancelbot, 211-12
Canter, Laurence, 183, 184
capacitors, 20
Capstone, 170
Carnegie Mellon University, 48, 218
Carter, Jimmy, 96
Case, Steve, 126, 142-43, 142, 236
Case Western Reserve University, 135
CBBS (Computerized Bulletin Board System), 68, 69, 92, 93-94
CBS television, 31-32
CDA. See Communications Decency Act of 1996
CDC (Control Data Corporation), 35, 41
CDC 1604, 41
CDNow.com, 156
Cello, 164
cellular modems, 221
cellular phones, 221, 238, 265
censorship. See free speech
Census Bureau, U.S., 4, 13, 30, 31, 31
Centennial Exposition of 1876 (Philadelphia), 13
Central Intelligence Agency, 139
central processor unit, 132, 246
Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire. See CERN
Cerf, Vint, 104, 228
ARPAnet design, 62
eulogy for Postel, 228
as International Network Working Group chair, 76
network intercommunication paper, 63, 80-82
TCP outline, 63, 65, 90, 109-10
CERFnet, 157
CERL (Computer-based Education Research Laboratory), 77
CERN (Geneva), 126-27, 149, 150, 153, 162, 163, 164, 178
First International World Wide Web Conference, 184-85
Chad, 265
Chambers, John, 250
chat rooms, 6, 12, 69, 266
first, 68, 77
French Minitel lines, 106
Chen, Raymond, 199
Child Online Protection Act of 1998, 191, 217
restraining order, 255
child pornography, 204, 218
children, 191, 207, 217, 218
personal information collection from, 226-27
protective software filters, 232, 255
China, 141, 235
Christensen, Ward, 68, 92-93
Church of Scientology. See Scientology
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 139
circuits, 30; See also integrated circuits
Cisco Systems, 98, 122, 148, 182, 250, 251, 253
City University of New York, 99, 105
civil disobedience, 141, 219
civil liberties protection, 124, 125, 144, 145-47, 149
private encryption issues, 152, 170, 249-50
See also free speech
civil rights movement, 96
Civil War, U.S., 5, 11
CIX (Commercial Internet eXchange Association), 157-58
Clark, Jim, 154, 176, 210
Clark, Wesley, 58
class-action suits, 214-15, 234
classified information, 51
Cleveland Free-Net, 126, 134-36
click-through counts, 239
client-server structure, 98
Clinton administration
Child Online Protection Act, 217, 255
Communications Decency Act, 206
domain name system, 227, 229
Escrowed Encryption Initiative, 152-53, 169, 170-71, 249
high-tech visas, 225
Intellectual Property Working Group, 213-14
National Information Infrastructure task force, 178
Next Generation Internet proposal, 205
online Starr report, 230, 230, 232
Clipper, 170-71
closed source code, 89
Club Caribe. See Habitat
cluster computing, 205
CNN, 160, 206
COBOL, 27, 28, 59
codes
ASCII, 47
electronic deciphering, 15, 20-21, 23, 28, 29
telegraph, 5, 6, 8-9
See also encryption; source code
Cohen, Fred, 168
Cold War, 33, 34, 40, 45, 46, 47, 50, 122
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 107
collaborative agents, 258
collaborative filtering software, 257
color television, 8
Colossus, 15, 20-21, 29
Colossus: The Forbin Project (film), 32
"Coming Internet Tidal Wave, The" (Gates memo), 192
command line interface, 114
Commerce Department, U.S., 227, 229, 250
commercial computing. See business and commerce
Commercial Crimes Bureau (Hong Kong), 199
Commercial Internet eXchange Association, 157-58
Commodore 64 computer, 121, 133, 143
Commodore PET computer, 114
Communications Act of 1934, 16
Communications Decency Act of 1996, 153, 191, 206-7, 217, 218
ruled unconstitutional, 153, 191, 207, 216-17, 255, 256
CommuniTree, 113
"Community or Colony: The Case of Online Newspapers and
the Web" (Riley et al.), 231
Compaq, 97
comparative media, 55
compiler, 27, 28
CompuServe, 143, 203-4, 206, 231
Computer and the Brain, The (von Neumann), 23
Computer-based Education Research Laboratory, 77
computer crime, 121-24
encryption issue, 152-53
"good hack" evolution into, 139-40
government crackdown, 143-44, 147
Kashpureff plea, 220
Mitnick conviction, 139, 140, 191, 196-98
worm unleashing, 136-37
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 137
computer games
first official, 46
Habitat, 133-34
multiuser, 101, 133-34
online environments, 133-34
role-playing multiuser, 99, 100-102
science fiction, 85
video arcade, 111
war simulation, 46
computer history, 1-62
business machine forerunners, 2
election prediction, 31-32
electronic binary computers, 19-20
first fully functional general-purpose programmable
computer, 19
first microcomputer, 67
first operational electronic computer, 15
"genius" tasks, 23
human interaction, 49
microchip significance, 35-36, 45
operating systems, 37
stored-program computers, 17, 25, 27, 29, 30-32, 59
text-reader programs, 12
time-sharing, 37, 48
transistor-run, 29
See also networking; personal computers; software;
specific computer companies, computers, personal
names, and software
Computerized Bulletin Board System. See CBBS
computerized film analysis, 51
Computer Lib (Nelson), 108
computer liberators, 53-54, 56
computer programs. See programming; software
Computers (women calculators), 28
computer science departments, 38
Computer Science NETwork, 99
Computer Security Act of 1987, 169-70
Computer Superstore, 179
computer virus. See virus
computer worm. See worm
"Computing in Chile" (Baeza-Yates et. al.), 225
computing machines, 3-4, 7, 17-19
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co., 4
condensers. See capacitors
conferencing system, 77
Congress, U. S., 5, 185, 230
Connection Machine, 138
conservatism, 96
conspiracy theorist, 68, 81
constitutional rights and protections, 123-24, 174, 207;
See also free speech
Consumer Project on Technology, 236
content delivery, 156, 220-21
Control Data Corporation, 35, 41
Control Video, 142
conversation programs, 76
cookies, 69, 81, 240
defined, 244
"cool" media (McLuhan concept), 38
COPA. See Child Online Protection Act of 1998
copyleft, 161
copyright, 107, 158, 186, 193, 194
international protocols, 213-14
software piracy, 235
See also intellectual property; royalties
CORE (Council of Registrars), 229
Cornell University, 136
Corporation for Research and Educational Networking, 107
corporations. See business and commerce; specific companies
COS. See Scientology
Cottage Software, 211-12
"couch potato culture," 55
Council of Registrars, 229
counter, 14
counterculture, 33, 38, 60, 64, 75, 113
CPU (central processor unit), 132, 246
cracker, hacker vs., 57
Cray, Seymour, 35, 41
Cray-1 supercomputer, 41
Cray Research, Inc., 41
credibility, 18
credit card fraud, 144
Creighton, Kathleen, 129
CREN (Corporation for Research and Educational
Networking), 107
crime
encryption involvement in, 249
Internet "indecent content" criminalization, 206-7
suits against Microsoft, 223-24
virtual, 174
See also computer crime; law enforcement; security
Cringley, Robert, 86, 262
Crocker, Steve, 62
Cronkite, Walter, 32
Crowther, Will, 62
cryptoanalysis, 15, 20, 23, 28, 29
cryptography, 91-92; See also encryption
cryptology, 91
CSA. See Computer Security Act of 1987
CSNET (Computer Science NETwork), 99
C3PO/R2D2 (computer film hero), 32
CTR (Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co.), 4
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 46
Cuckoo's, Egg, The (Stoll), 123, 137, 139
CUNY. See City University of New York
Curry, Adam, 196
Customs Service, U.S., 159
cyberfeminism, 119
Cyberjaya, 225
"cyberporn panic," 218
cyberpunk, 119, 120
Cyber Rights (Godwin), 218
cyberspace
international copyright protocols, 213-14
international legal status, 203-4
introduction of term, 119-20
legal rights protection, 124, 125, 144, 145-47, 149
privacy protection, 152-53
as social justice tool, 146
threatening words vs. free speech, 174
trust violators, 139
See also Internet; World Wide Web
cyberwar, 160
"Cyborg Manifesto, A" (Haraway), 119
cyborgs, 32, 119, 120
Cyclades network, 82
CYPNET, 73
[back to top]
D
D&D. See Dungeons and Dragons
Dahl, Ole-Johan, 56-57
Dalal, Yogen, 82
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 82, 88,
104, 167, 178, 205
Dartmouth College, 67, 84
databases
centralized hypertext, 107-9
distributed, 118
domain names, 173, 175
Gopher browser/data transfer protocol, 161
intellectual property rights draft treaty, 214
privacy rights, 193-94, 240
XML exchange applications, 226
Yahoo search engine, 181-82
datagrams, 82
data mining, 193-94, 205, 240, 261
DATAPHONE, 42, 43
Data Processing Management Association, 27
data transfer protocol, 161
Davies, Donald, 58
DCA (Defense Communications Agency), 88, 110
deafness, 11, 12, 252
debugging, 27
"decency" language. See indecent content
decryption, 92, 249
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. See DARPA
Defense Communications Agency, 88, 110
Defense Department, U.S., 5, 90, 173
"electronic Pearl Harbor scenarios" rehearsals, 160
defense-related research. See ARPAnet; military
Democratic National Committee, 64, 81
Depew, Richard, 211
desktops. See personal computers
destination site, 267
developing nations, 193, 225, 265
Dibell, Julian, 174
DiCicco (hacker), 140
Difference Engine, 3, 7, 8, 21
Diffie, Whitfield, 92
digital computing
Boolean algebra, 9-10
copyright treaty, 194, 213-14
data conversion to analog signals, 36
deprived areas, 265
encryption, 69
flip-flop electronic switch, 14
packet switching, 45-47
Turing theory, 14, 15, 16-17
digital consumer electronics, 251
Digital Copyright Treaty of 1996, 194, 213-14
digital data representation, 42
Digital Equipment Corporation, 46, 57, 72, 101, 123, 136, 140
digital imaging, 40
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 194
digital signatures, 91
digital subscriber lines, 238, 246
digital surveillance, 81
"digital third world," 265
directories, Web, 181, 266
disabled people, 12, 252
discussion groups. See newsgroups
diskettes, virus-infected, 168
Disney Company, 268
distributed database, 118
distributed network, 35, 45-47
DNS. See Domain Name System
Doar, John, 64
documentation authentication, 91
documents, 116, 118
XML markup language, 224, 226
Dogpile, 181
Domain Name System, 118, 173, 175
AlterNIC site, 217, 219-20
dispute-resolution policy, 194-96
first top-level, 173, 227
ICANN administration, 227, 229-30
registration policy, 189-90, 195
second-level, 175
trademark-infringement suits, 190, 194-96
two-digit country names, 173
DOS operating system. See MS-DOS
.com (top-level domain), 173, 219, 227
.edu (top-level domain), 173
.gov (top-level domain), 173
.int (top-level domain), 173
.jp (top-level domain), 173
.mil (top-level domain), 173
.net (top-level domain), 173, 219, 227
.org (top-level domain), 173, 219, 227
.uk (top-level domain), 173
.us (top-level domain), 173
Drudge, Matt, 230, 231
Drudge Report, The, 231
DSL (digital subscriber line), 246
DSQ Software, 225
Duke University, 99, 102-3
Dungeons and Dragons, 101
Dyson, Esther, 229
[back to top]
E
Eccles-Jordan switch, 14
Echelon, 81
Echo (online service), 129
Eckert, John Presper, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31
e-commerce. See online shopping
economy
Bush-era recession, 151-52
business-technology interdependence, 98
"digital third world," 265
high-tech companies' fueling of, 125
laissez-faire, 96, 122
See also business and commerce
Edison, Thomas, 13, 27
Edison, Tom (pseudonym), 75
education
arguments against hypertext, 166
computer applications, 86
e-mail network, 105
FidoNet, 112, 114
Macintosh computer use, 116
See also academic centers
EDVAC, 22, 24, 29, 36
EEI. See Escrowed Encryption Initiative
EFF. See Electronic Frontier Foundation
"egoboo," 85
EGP (External Gateway Protocol), 109
EINet Galaxy, 182
Eisenhower, Dwight, 32, 34, 39, 43
election outcome prediction, 31-32
electricity, 8, 11, 12, 17-19
semicondutors, 28
See also electromechanical machines
electric telegraph. See telegraph
electromagnetism, 8
relays, 18-19
electromechanical machines
airline reservation, 50
electronic vs., 19
Mark I computer, 22, 26
Z1 and Z2 binary computers, 17-19
electronic addresses. See addresses, electronic
electronic banking. See banking, electronic
electronic commerce. See online shopping
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, 22
Electronic Disturbance Theatre, 141
Electronic Document system, 56
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 144, 145-47, 149, 178
challenge to Communications Decency Act, 207, 217
cofounding of, 124, 125, 144, 145-47
on "cyberporn panic," 218
lobbying office, 149
mission statement, 147
opposition to encryption bills, 170, 249
opposition to ICANN proposal, 229
on Scientology suits, 186
electronic games. See computer games
electronic mail. See e-mail
electronic message-posting network. See bulletin board systems
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. See ENIAC
electronic publishing. See publishing, electronic
electronic role-playing games. See MUDs
electronics, 19
circuits, 30
consumer "smart" embedded systems, 250-51, 253
consumer software, 165-66
first binary computer, 19-20
first fully operational computer, 20
first fully operational deciphering device, 20-21
first operational computer, 15
first posting network, 68
information storage, 24, 25
microchip revolution, 35-36, 44-45
miniaturization, 29, 44, 45
stored-program concept, 25
transistor, 28-29, 35, 44
transmission, 30
elementary schools, 112, 114
elevator bells, 252
Ellis, Jim, 99, 102
Ellison, Larry, 208, 208, 209, 264, 265
e-mail, 266
academic critics of, 166
American overseas military use of, 206
cellular modems, 221
congressional addresses, 185
education-related network, 105
first programs, 68, 69
government security surveillance of, 81
increase-volume prediction, 245
intelligent agents, 257, 258
inventor, 5, 6, 73-74
Personal Notes program, 77
PGP encryption method, 158
political activists' use of, 141
poorer countries' access to, 265
privacy lack, 241
unsolicited bulk. See spam
embedded systems, 250-51, 253
Emeagwali, Philip, 138
emoticons, 103
encryption, 30
Clinton administration policy, 152-53, 169, 170-71, 249
extranet, 254
first programs, 69
issues involved in, 240-41, 249-50
legislation, 249-50
online commercial security, 179
public-key encryption software, 158-59
RSA system, 91-92
software exports, 158, 171, 193, 249
"trap doors," 158
encyclopedia, 25
Energy Department, U.S., 134
Engelbart, Doug, 25, 115
England. See Great Britain
ENIAC, 20, 22, 24, 25-26, 28, 30, 132
Enigma (German code), 15, 20
Enlightenment, 25
Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything, 149
Enterprise Integration Technologies, 173, 176
Erlich, Dennis, 186
Erwise, 164
Escrowed Encryption Initiative, 152-53, 169-71, 249
espionage, 15, 20, 122-23, 137, 139
Essex University, 99, 100, 101
Ethernet, 63, 66, 78, 79, 98, 100, 148
eToys, 98
Europe
CERN Internet site, 149
satellite-linked networks, 80, 90, 104
Usenet connection, 102-3
See also specific countries
European Center for Nuclear Research. See CERN
European Commission, 178, 250
European Laboratory for Particle Physics. See CERN
Excite, 155, 181, 186, 266, 267
Exon, Jim, 207
Explorer (browser). See Internet Explorer
Explorer I (artificial satellite), 39
export restrictions, 158, 171, 193, 249
Extensible Markup Language, 224, 226
External Gateway Protocol, 109
extranets, 253-54
eyeballs, 234, 239-40
eye-scanning device, 252
[back to top]
F
FACTnet, 186
Fairchild Semiconducter, 44-45
"fair use" policies, 214
fandom, 85
fantasy genre, 85, 99, 101
fanzines, 85
Farmer, F. Randall, 133-34
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 121, 123, 139, 140, 147, 212
FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 70, 177, 207
Federal Information Processing Standard, 171
Federal Trade Commission, 209, 221, 226, 227
feminism, 96, 119, 269
Ferranti Mark I, 29, 163
fiber-optic cables, 246
FidoNet, 99, 112, 114
Field, Cyrus, 10
file organization, 118
File Retrieval and Editing System, 56
file transfer protocol, 172, 181
films
computerized analysis of, 51
computers in, 32
first motion picture camera, 8
first "talking," 8
intellectual property rights, 213-14
Filo, David, 155, 180-82
Finland, 159
Firefly Network, 257, 258, 259
firewalls, 254
First Amendment rights, 75, 153, 174, 217;
See also Free speech
"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, A" (von Neumann), 22
First International World Wide Web Conference
(1994), 184-85
flaming, 103, 186, 269
flip-flop electronic switch, 14
"flooding," 141
Flow-Matic, 27
folders, 116
food service, online, 185, 187
Forbidden Planet (film), 32
Ford, Henry, 2
foreign software piracy, 235
Forrest, Craig, 165
Forrester Research, 117, 267
"Forsaken Geographies" (Oguibe), 265
FORTRAN, 59
FortuneCity, 271
486 CPU, 132
France
Cyclades network, 82
encryption standards, 250
satellite-linked computer network, 80
videotext, 106, 106
W3C partnering, 179
Frank, Ed, 165
fraud. See computer crime
"Free Kevin!" movement, 141, 198
free nets, 126, 134-36
FreePort, 135
free software movement, 3, 67, 89
Apache, 192, 202-3
BASIC, 84, 86-87
closed source code vs., 89
"egoboo" and, 85
Linux operating system, 67, 85, 89, 159, 161, 232-34
Microsoft and, 89, 192, 233
Netscape Navigator, 192, 234
Stallman's "copyleft" principle, 161
free speech
bulletin boards, 99, 112, 113, 114
Child Online Protection Act as violating, 191, 217
Communications Decency Act as violating, 191,
217, 218, 255
CompuServe blocked-access newsgroups case, 203-4, 206
cyberspace protection, 124
flame wars, 103, 186
government regulation vs., 255-56, 270-71
hate speech and, 153, 174, 191
"indecent content" curbs, 206, 207, 241
Internet vs. other media, 207
pornography and, 191
Scientology and, 186
spam issue, 183-84
Free Speech movement (Berkeley), 60
Free Tibet Web, 141
FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System), 56
"From the Ether" (Metcalfe column), 79
FTC (Federal Trade Commission), 209, 221, 226, 227
FTP (file transfer protocol), 172, 181
Fujitsu, 133
[back to top]
G
Galanter, Philip, 205
galvanometer, 8
games. See computer games
Garmisch conference (1968), 36, 59, 61
gates (computer), 24
Gates, Bill, 55, 138, 148, 201, 262
Altair 8000 programming system, 84, 86-87
biography, 86
critics of, 86, 89, 191-92
Internet memo, 192
Senate Judiciary Committee testimony, 222, 223
"software flap," 67, 88, 89, 90, 235
See also Microsoft Corporation
Gateway, 117
gateways (computer network), 82, 90, 91, 109
Gattaca (film), 32
Gauss, Carl, 8
General Electric, 37, 40, 43, 53
Genie, 143
GeoCities Inc., 226-27, 271
German Experimental Aerodynamics Institute, 19
Germany
CompuServe newsgroup-content complaint, 203-4, 206
espionage, 137, 139
Internet, 126
satellite-linked computer network, 80
World War II codes, 15, 20, 29
Z1 and Z2 computing machines, 17-19
Gibson, William, 119-20
global network
bulletin board systems, 270
copyright standards, 213-14
Internet Society mission statement, 167
labor market, 193, 225
legal status, 203-4, 206
Linux operating system, 159, 161
Operation Home Front, 206
satellite-linked, 65, 71, 80, 90, 104
security concerns, 159
Usenet, 102-3
U.S. role in, 190
vBNS hosts, 205
See also Internet; World Wide Web
global positioning system, 253
global village, 55
Global Village, The (McLuhan), 55
GNOME, 233
"GNU Manifesto" (Stallman), 161
GNU operating system, 159, 161
Godwin, Mike, 186, 218
Goehring, Scott, 186
Goodlatte, Robert, 249
Goodman, Lisa, 186
"gooey." See GUI
Google, 181
Gopher, 153-54, 161, 162
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 141
Gordon Bell Prize, 138
Gore, Al, 70, 152
Gore, Andrew, 117
Gosling, James, 165, 200, 263
GoTo, 181
government
censorship potential, 255-56, 270-71
communications regulation; See also telecommunications
computer networks as surveillance tool, 68-69, 81, 87, 88
domain-name administration privatization, 227, 229
encryption policy, 152-53, 158-59, 169-71, 249, 249-50
hacker crackdowns by, 124, 125, 143-44, 145, 147
hacking as protest against, 64
Hong Kong ISPs intervention, 198-99
information systems priority, 178
Internet connection, 134
Internet regulation, 124, 213, 255-59
Internet2, 216, 238, 260, 261
lack of cybertechnical expertise, 125
laissez-faire, 122
Web home pages, 156, 175, 176, 185, 187
See also law; military; specific governmental bodies and
presidential administrations
GPS (global positioning system), 253
graffiti, 113
graphical user interface. See GUI
graphic design, 57, 118
Great Britain
Babbage's computing machine, 3, 4
Colossus computer, 15, 20-21, 29
cryptoanalysis, 15, 20, 23, 28, 29
first operational stored-program computer, 29
Internet, 126
MUDs, 99, 100
packet switching, 47
satellite-linked computer network, 80, 90
telegraph cable, 5
transatlantic cable, 10-11
two-digit domain name, 173
Greene, Stuart, 107
Green Paper, 228, 229
Greenpeace, 81
Green Project (formerly Stealth Project), 165-66, 200
Gregory, Roger, 107
Gross, Phill, 104
Grossman, Robert, 205
Grossman, Wendy, 186
Grudner, Tom, 135
Guatemala, 159
GUI (graphical user interface)
America Online, 126, 143
Apple personal computer, 114, 115, 116
defined, 114
ease of use, 118
first browser, 153
free desktop software, 233
inception at Xerox PARC, 100, 115-16
Java as platform-independent, 200-201
Microsoft Windows, 86, 233
Mosaic browser, 153, 154, 171-73, 176, 200, 210
Gulf War, 160
Gygax, Gary, 101
[back to top]
H
Habitat, 133-34
Hacker Crackdown, The (Sterling), 75
hackers
addiction defense, 140, 197
antigovernment activity, 64, 141, 160
blue boxing, 75
cancelbots and, 211-12
civil liberties and, 124, 125, 144, 145-47, 149
closed source code, 89
computer crimes, 122, 123, 137, 139, 140, 196-98
crackers vs., 57
defined, 16
domain name servers misrouting by, 219
"egoboo" of, 85
ethic of, 60
evolution of concept, 139-40
film portrayals, 32
first official computer use of term, 57
game authors, 111
government crackdowns on, 123, 124, 125, 143-44,
145, 147, 191
Hong Kong investigation of, 199
"information should be free" motto, 67, 159
Linux system support, 232
misapplication of word, 57
online vandalism, 198
radio ham, 6, 16
science fiction fans, 85
"wares" ("warez"), 235
worm and, 136-37
Hacker's Conference, 145, 147
hacktivists, 141, 160
Hafner, Katie, 60
Hall of Fame, WWW, 185
"Halloween Memo" (Microsoft), 192, 233
hams, 6, 16; See also hackers
handheld cellular modems, 221
haptic VRML, 252
Haraway, Donna, 119
Harper's (magazine), 145
Harvard University, 8, 49, 86, 87, 108, 201
Kennedy School of Government, 229
Mark I and II computers, 21-22, 21, 26, 27
Metcalfe networking protocol thesis, 71, 78, 79
hate speech, 153, 191
Hawaii, 65, 69, 71, 78
Hawking, Stephen, 119
hearing aid, 45, 252
hearing loss, 11, 12, 252
Heart, Frank, 61
Hellman, Martin, 92
Helsinki University, 159
Henson, Keith, 186
Herz, J. C., 111
HES (Hypertext Editing System), 56
Hewlett, William, 130
hexadecimal system, 47
"hex" notation, 47
HFRC (Human Factors Research Center), 115
high-speed network, 205
high-tech companies, 97-98, 125
forced resignations of founders, 148
foreign worker visas, 225
profitability of, 154
venture capitalists, 98
See also specific company names
Hilbert, David, 16
Hill, Eric, 107
Hillis, Danny, 23
hippies. See counterculture
HKIGS (Hong Kong Internet and Gateway Services), 198
hoaxes, 18
Hobbit, The (Tolkien), 99
Hodges, Andrew, 15
Hoffman, Abbie, 64, 75
Holberton, Elizabeth Snyder, 28
Hollerith, Herman, 4, 13-14
Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, 4, 13-14, 13
Holm, Celeste, 108
Home Box Office, 70
Homebrew Computer Club, 85, 130
home computers. See personal computers
home entertainment centers, 251
home pages, 156, 175-76, 185, 187, 226
design and editng, 183
House and Senate, 185
science fiction, 85
United Nations, 176
White House, 156, 175, 176, 185
H1B visas (high-tech), 225
Hong Kong, 198-99
Hong Kong Internet and Gateway Services, 198
Hong Kong Supernet, 198
Hope, Bob, 18
Hopper, Grace Murray, 22, 26-28, 31
biography, 27
Horn, Stacy, 129
hosts.txt file, 173
host table, 112
HotBot search, 181
HotJava, 200
"hot" media (McLuhan concept), 38
HotWired, 202
House of Representatives, U.S.
home page, 185
Starr report online, 230
Houston Manned Spacecraft Center, 56
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 127, 150, 164, 182, 183
Extensible Markup Language, 224
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 127, 150, 162, 164
Hubbard, L. Ron, 186
human brain, 23, 24, 32, 49, 51
human factor, 49, 115, 271
cyborg, 119, 120
intelligent agents, 257-59
machine replacement of, 2-3
See also user-friendly interface
Human Factors Research Center, 115
human intelligence extension, 258
human rights
abuses witnesses, 159
Internet access as one of basic, 265
Hungary, 193, 225
Hyde, Henry, 230
Hyperball, 138
hyperlinks, 37
coining of term, 53, 107
database, 107-9
defined, 54
hypertext, 25, 37
browsers, 164, 171-73
coining of term, 53, 107
database, 107-9
defined, 54
editing system, 56
as integral to World Wide Web, 54, 107-9, 126-27,
149-50, 162-64, 178
markup languages, 224, 226
reading literacy arguments against, 166
Hypertext Editing System, 56
"hypertext holy war," 166
Hypertext Markup Language. See HTML
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. See HTTP
[back to top]
I
IAB (Internet Activities Board/Internet Architecture
Board), 104, 157
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 190, 228, 229
IBM, 2, 96-98, 223
birth of, 4, 13, 14
BITnet costs, 107
contract programmer salaries, 225
harmful virus infection, 168
hypertext system funding, 56
Mark I computer, 21, 22
network computer, 208
NJE communications protocol, 105
operating systems, 59, 86, 148
OS/360 failure, 59
PC introduction, 97, 114
PC networking resistance, 96-97, 148
Prodigy, 143
proprietary system, 97
real-time systems, 36, 49, 50
RSA encryption technology, 92
SABRE reservation system, 49, 50-52
time-sharing computer, 53
transistor-run 7000 computer series, 29
IBM-compatible PCs, 97, 114, 168
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers), 190, 227, 229-30
ICB (International Cooperation Board), 104
ICCB (Internet Configuration Control Board), 98, 104
ICCC. See International Conference on Computer
Communications
icons, 100, 114, 116
IDG (International Data Group), 79
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 104, 167, 169
IGY (International Geophysical Year, 1957-58), 39
IIA (Information Industry Association), 227
iMac computer, 117
IMPs (Interface Message Processors), 58, 60, 61, 62,
148, 228
indecent content, 206-7, 216-17, 241, 255-56
Independence Day (film), 18
indexing spider, 161-62, 181
India, 193, 225
Indiana University School of Music, 216
individualized information packets. See push technology
Industrial Revolution, 1-2
industry. See business and commerce
Information Highway Working Group (Canada), 70
Information Industry Association, 227
information processing, human brain vs. computer, 23
Information Processing Techniques Office, 48, 54, 56, 69, 74
information search, 51, 267
search engines, 127, 180-82, 266
information service
French online Minitel, 106, 106
push technology, 220-21
information sharing, 67, 162
"information should be free" (motto), 67, 159
information storage
memex machine, 24, 25
nonsequential access, 37
Xanadu, 37, 54, 107-9
Information Superhighway, 70, 152
information technology (IT) departments, 232-33
information transfer, 30
Infoseek, 181, 267
Infowar, 160
InfoWorld Magazine, 79
input and output, 24, 246
standard, 97
INRIA (National Institute for Research in Computer Science
and Control, France), 179
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 80
integrated circuits, 29, 35-36, 43
two independent patents, 44-45
See also microchip
Integrated Systems, 251, 253
Intel Corporation, 92, 117, 125, 246
aggressive marketing, 132
Internet phone software, 212
Linux support system, 89, 233
microchip manufacture, 67, 83, 97, 224
intellectual property
domain name controversy, 196
international protocols, 194, 213-14
piracy complaints, 235
software as, 67
intelligence augmentation, 258
intelligent agents, 257-59
Intelligent Concept Extraction, 181
interactive network, 48-49, 53, 90-91; See also
World Wide Web
interactivity
electronic publishing, 107
real-time, 165, 199, 202
television, 200
Interface Message Processors. See IMPs
Intergalactic Computer Network, 37, 48-49
Internal Revenue Service, 171
International Business Machines. See IBM
International Conference on Computer Communications
(1972), 62, 74, 76
International Cooperation Board, 104
International Council of Scientific Unions, 39
International Data Corporation, 233
International Data Group, 79
International Geophysical Year (1957-58), 39
international network of networks, 65, 71, 80-82
Internet access, 126
International Network Working Group, 76, 82
International Traffic in Arms Regulations, 158-59
International World Wide Web Conferences, 184-85
Internet
access as "basic human right," 265
antispam movement, 184
AOL access, 126, 143
appliances, 242, 263-64
bandwidth problem, 205
censorship concerns, 203-4
CERN as largest European site, 149
civil liberties protection, 124, 145-49
commercial ban, 155, 157
commercialization legality, 155, 158
commercial opportunities, 155, 179-80, 187
congestion, 216
consumer uses, 156
domain name system, 118, 173, 175, 217, 219-20,
227, 229-30
embedded systems, 250-51, 253
evolution from ARPAnet, 49, 103, 104, 110, 134, 216
extranets, 253-54
false prediction of 1996 collapse, 79
first audio multicast, 169
flat-rate access, 245
free public online access, 126, 134-35
future trends, 237-71
global labor opportunities, 193
government regulation, 124, 213, 255-59
growth of independent networks, 125-26
GUI standard, 118
high-speed, 205, 260
host expansions, 126, 134
indecent-content and, 206-7
international copyright and, 213-14
legal status shakiness, 207
Linux distribution on, 161
live audio and video multicasts, 169
long-distance telephone calls via, 6, 212-13
metaphors spawned by, 152
metered access-fee proposal, 245
Microsoft entry into, 192
name server, 110, 112, 118
as news service, 160, 194, 230, 232
as noncommercial zone, 155, 157
NSFnet expansion of, 134, 145
official birth of, 99
official definition of, 109-10
origins, 37, 43-44, 65, 69
phone software, 212-13
pornography, 218
privacy and speech protection, 217
prohibition of taxes on services, 256
push technology, 220-21
speed, 205, 237-38, 260
standardization, 98, 104, 109, 167
Starr report availability, 230, 232
stock valuation, 156
top four sites, 234
universal access, 177-78, 252, 265
universal software, 166
Usenet incorporation into, 103
user-friendly access, 153-54
usership figures, 154, 245
worm infection, 136-37
See also cyberspace; World Wide Web
Internet2, 205, 215-16, 238, 260-61
Internet Activities Board. See Internet Architecture Board
Internet Advertising Bureau, 117
Internet Architecture Board (formerly Internet Activities Board),
104, 167
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, 190, 228, 229
Internet broadcasting. See push technology
Internet Configuration Control Board, 98, 104
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers;
See ICANN
Internet Direct, 184
Internet Engineering Task Force, 104, 167, 169
Internet Explorer, 164
bundling charge, 223, 224
Microsoft anticompetition tactics, 86, 89, 192
XML addition, 226
Internet Explorer 3.0, 210
Internet Intelligence Infrastructure Fund, 175
Internet Protocol. See IP numbers
Internet Relay Chat, 160
Internet Research Group, 104
Internet Service Providers, 79
flat-rate unlimited online time, 215, 245
Hong Kong licensing dispute, 198-99
Linux popularity with, 161, 192
long-distance phone service, 212-13
MBONE connection, 169
Microsoft alleged incentives to, 210, 223
Scientology suit against, 186
See also America Online; CompuServe
Internet Shopping Network, 156, 179
Internet Society, charter and mission statement, 167
Internet Tax Freedom Act, 256
InterNIC, 173, 175, 189-90, 194-96, 219
ICANN as successor, 227, 229-30
Intuit, 92
Investigation of the Laws of Thought, An (Boole), 9-10
Invisible Boy (film), 32
INWG. See International Network Working Group
Iowa State University, 19
IP (Internet protocol)-Multicast, 169
IP numbers (Internet Protocol), 91, 99, 190, 228
name server, 110, 112, 118
See also Domain Name System
IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office), 48,
54, 56, 69, 74
Iran-Contra scandal, 122
Iraq, 160
IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 160
Ireland, 225
"I Remember IANA" (Cerf), 228
IRG (Internet Research Group), 104
IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 171
ISPs. See Internet Service Providers
Israel, 126, 160
Italy, 80, 126
ITAR (International Traffic in Arms Regulations), 158-59
I2. See Internet2
[back to top]
J
Jackson, Steve, 144, 149
Jackson, Thomas (scientist), 5
Jackson, Thomas Penfield (judge), 125, 222-23
Jacquard loom, 3, 7
Japan
Habitat multiuser game, 133
Internet, 126
Prime Minister's home page, 185, 187
two-digit domain name, 173
W3C partnering, 179
Xanadu, 109
Jargon File, 57
Java, 117, 165, 166, 199-202, 233
Microsoft involvement, 223, 224, 262-63
as platform-independent, 199, 200-201, 262
Javastation, 208
Jennings, Betty Jean, 28
Jennings, Tom, 99
Jobs, Steve, 100, 116, 122, 127, 130-33, 131, 148
biography, 130
John F. Kennedy School of Government, 229
Johnny Mnemonic (film), 32
Johnson, Andrew, 11
Johnson, Roy, 43, 44
Jones, Paula, 232
journalistic ethics, 231
Joy, Bill, 165
joystick, 46, 252
Joystick Nation (Herz), 111
Justice Department, U.S.
Communications Decency Act appeal, 217
InterNic monopoly investigation, 195
suit against Microsoft, 125, 210, 211, 221, 222-24, 236,
261-62, 263
[back to top]
K
Kahn, Bob
ARPAnet design and demonstration, 62, 74
mobile computer network, 71
network intercommunication paper, 63, 80-82
TCP outline, 65, 90, 109-10
Kamm, Lisa, 207
Kaplan, Nancy, 166
Kapor, Mitchell, 124, 125, 145-47
biography, 146
Kashpureff, Eugene, 217, 219-20
Katz, Bruce, 128-29
Kay, Alan, 45
K Desktop Environment Project, 233
Keio University, 108, 179
Kelly, Kevin, 113
Kemeny, John, 84
Kennedy, John F., 51
key escrow encryption, 152-53, 170-71, 249, 250
KGB, 122
Kholsa, Vinod, 165, 201
Kilby, Jack, 44-45
Killian, James R., Jr., 43
King, Roland, 107
Knight Lightning (pseudonym), 144
Knowledgenet, 195
"Kubla Khan" (Coleridge), 107
Kurtz, Thomas, 84
[back to top]
L
labor. See workforce
Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT), 163, 178-79
laissez-faire economics, 96, 122
Lakes, Marsha, 138
Lakeside School, 86
LamdaMoo system, 174
LAN (local area network), 66, 78, 79, 98, 110, 148
language, computer. See programming
Lanier, Jaron, 258, 259
LAN Manager, 148
laptop computers, 221
Lasica, J. D., 231
law
antispam, 184
antitrust, 86, 178
communications regulation, 6, 70
computer networking, 143, 144, 155
computer security, 169-70
cyberspace civil liberties protection, 124, 125, 145-49
cyberspace indecent content, 206-7, 216-17, 255
cyberspace pornography, 191
cyberspace regulation, 124, 125, 153
digital copyright, 194
encryption, 171, 249
Internet commercialization, 155, 158
pornography definition, 218
radio regulation, 16
telecommunications, 6, 16, 70, 177-78, 206-7, 252, 265
See also lawsuits; specific acts and bills
law enforcement
hacker crackdowns, 121, 123-24, 143-44, 191
private encryption concerns, 152, 159, 170, 240-41, 249
See also computer crime
Lawnmower Man (film), 32
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, 122, 137, 139
lawsuits
AOL class-action complaints, 214-15, 234
domain dispute-resolution policy, 194, 195, 196
against Microsoft, 222, 223-24
NSI against Kashpureff, 219
LBL. See Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories
LDCs (less developed countries), 225
legal suits. See lawsuits
Legion of Doom, 144, 145, 147
legislation. See law
Lehman, Bruce, 213-14
Lehner, Sandy, 122, 148
Leiner, Barry, 104
Lensman series (Smith), 85
Leonard, Andrew, 89
Lerma, Arnaldo, 186
Lessig, Lawrence, 125
"Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat, The" (Morningstar and
Farmer), 133-34
Levy, Steven, 57, 60, 85, 111
Lewinsky, Monica, 230, 232
licenses, 16, 198-99, 223
fees, 210
Lichterman, Ruth, 28
Licklider, Joseph C. R., 4, 25, 34, 51, 52, 54, 65
biography, 49
as Internet visionary, 37, 48-49
time-sharing study, 37, 53
Life (magazine), 25
Lincoln Laboratory, 49, 52
linear equations, 19
Linux, 67, 68, 85, 89, 159, 161
community, 233-34
increased interest in, 232-34
Microsoft strategy against, 192
LinuxPPC, 233
Lisa personal computer, 116
literacy, print vs. hypertext, 166
"Literacy Beyond Books" (Kaplan), 166
Literary Machines (Nelson), 107
local area network. See LAN
Lofgren, Zoe, 249
logic, 9-10
logical operators, 10
London Telegraph (newspaper), 81
long-distance computer link, 52
long-distance telephone. See telephone lines
"long haul networks," 42
LookSmart directory, 181
Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), 85, 99, 101
Lotus Development Corporation, 125, 146, 147
Lotus Notes, 77
Lotus 1-2-3, 146
Lovelace, Ada, 3, 4, 7
Lucasfilm Games, 133
Luther, Martin, 233-34
Lycos, 181, 182, 267
Lyon, Matthew, 60
[back to top]
M
MAC (Multiple Access Computer), 53
MacArthur Foundation "Genius Grant," 163
Macintosh personal computer, 115, 131
debut TV commercial, 100, 116, 117
Java, 200
Mosaic browser, 154, 172, 176
MacKenzie, Kevin, 103
Mackinnon, Catharine, 174
MACRO-10 machine code, 101
Maes, Pattie, 257, 259
biography, 258
Magaziner, Ira, 227, 229
Magid, Larry, 132
magnetic field, 8
mainframes, 73
as IBM's principle product, 96, 97
SABRE system terminal links, 51-52
software closed source code, 89
time-sharing, 77
Malaysia, 225
Malik, Salman, 259
Mamma, 181
"Manchester Baby Machine," 29
Manchester University, 29
"Man-Computer Symbiosis" (Licklider), 48, 49
Marconi, Guglielmo, 6
Marill, Tom, 52
Marine Doom (computer war game), 46
Mark I computer (Ferranti), 29, 163
Mark I computer (Harvard), 21-22, 21, 26, 27
Mark I computer (Manchester), 29
Mark II computer (Harvard), 26, 27
marketing
Apple Computer, 116, 117, 130
Intel campaigns, 132
Internet as tool, 155
See also advertising
market research, 243, 251, 266
Markey, Edward, 177
markup languages, 127, 150, 164, 182, 183, 224
Martian invasion broadcast, 18
Massachusetts, 34, 52, 222
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 48, 78, 79
Artificial Intelligence Labs, 258
computer time-sharing, 37, 53
computer worm, 136, 137
first computer game, 46
first computer hackers, 57
Laboratory for Computer Science, 163, 178-79
Lincoln Laboratory, 49, 52
Media Lab, 257, 258, 259
PGP patent battle, 158
PGP 2.6, 158
Project MAC, 53
Project Whirlwind, 50
real-time systems, 36
mass production, 2, 3
Mast, Kim, 77
Mathematical Analysis of Logic (Boole), 9
"Mathematical Theory of Communication, A" (Shannon), 30
mathematics
Boolean algebra, 9-10, 31
early computing machines, 7-8, 13-14
electronic binary computer, 19
Mark I computer, 21-22
object orientation, 57
private- and public-key relationship, 92
Shannon communication theory, 30
Turing machine, 16-17
Mauchly, John, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31
Maxims, 258
Mbinteractive (market research), 243
MBONE (Multicast-Backbone), 169, 185
McAfee, John, 3
McCool, Rob, 202
McElroy, Neil, 43
MCI, 134, 140, 205
McLuhan, Marshall, 38, 55
McNealy, Scott, 165, 222, 223
biography, 201
McNulty, Kathleen, 28
media
comparative, 55
free speech protections, 207
Gulf War utilization of, 160
hackers, 16, 141
"hot" and "cool" concept, 38
Internet radio stations, 180
investments in, 40
journalistic ethics, 231
Macintosh computer uses, 116
as news source, 194
online content, 156
reliability, 231
timetable of "new," 8
See also specific types
Medium is the Massage, The (McLuhan), 55
"medium is the message," 55
memex, 24, 25, 54
memory (computer)
cache, 214
capacitors, 20
establishment of term, 24
virus entry, 168
memory (human), 23
Menabrea, Luigi, 7
menus, 114
Mercury Theater, 18
MetaCrawler, 181
MetaFind, 181
metasearchers, 181
Metcalfe, Bob, 71
biography, 79
Ethernet invention, 63, 66, 78-79, 100
forced resignation from 3Com, 122, 148
landmark Internet paper, 63
Pay-As-We-Go Internet proposal, 245
software for network PCs, 98, 148
Mexico, 126
mice. See mouse
Michelangelo (virus), 168-69
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 168
microchannel architecture, 97
microchip, 29, 43, 44-45, 67, 83
embedded systems, 250-51
first commercial, 132
significance of, 35-36, 45
microcomputers, 67, 77
defined, 83
start-up ventures, 97
See also personal computers
microfilm, 24, 25
Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems. See MITS
microprocessor. See microchip
Microsoft Corporation, 63, 67, 125, 148, 201
antitrust charges, 125, 210, 211, 221, 222-24, 236,
261-62, 263
antitrust suit against, 86, 125, 209, 210-11, 261-62, 263
AutoPC launch, 253
browser. See Internet Explorer
browser war, 209-11, 234
bundling charges, 209, 221-23, 224
domain-name rights, 196
Firefly purchase, 259
founding of, 84, 86, 87
free software competition, 192, 203, 232, 233
future trends, 261-63
"Halloween Memo," 192, 233
IBM operating system, 97
Java alterations complaint, 262-63
Netscape-AOL merger, 236
Netscape competition, 210, 234
Netscape complaint, 222
"predatory" behavior charges against, 191-92
RSA encryption technology, 92
slowness to acknowledge Internet, 192
software property rights, 88, 89
state investigations of, 223
See also Windows
Microsoft Disk Operating System. See MS-DOS
Microsoft Internet Explorer. See Internet Explorer
Microsoft Windows. See Windows
Microware Systems, 251, 253
microwave technology, 70
Midas, 164
Middle Earth (Tolkien fantasy world), 99
military
ARPA creation, 34
ARPAnet use, 1, 5, 45, 68, 87-88, 98, 102, 126
code deciphering, 15
cyberwar, 160
distributed communication system, 35
flight simulation, 50
internetworking, 90
MILNET, 110
Operation Home Front, 206
packet-radio networks, 71
radio use, 6
real-time systems, 36
scientific research, 34, 39, 40
sensitive information hacking, 122-23, 139, 160
video war games as training requirement, 46
military-industrial complex, 40
millennium, 266
Miller, Mark, 107
MILNET, 110
miniaturization, 29, 44, 45
Mining Co. (directory), 181
Minitel system, 106, 106
Minsky, Marvin, 23, 258
Mir, Ali, 225
missile gaps, 40
missile programs, 43
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mitnick, Kevin, 123, 139-40, 141, 191
addiction defense, 140, 191
arrest notoriety, 196-98
MITS (Model Instrumentation Telemetry Systems), 67,
82-84, 87
mobile computer network, 71, 90
mobile corporate workers, 221
Mockapetris, 118
Model Instrumentation Telemetry Systems. See MITS
Model T car, 2
modem
birth of, 36, 42-43
cellular, 221
as Internet access, 126
speed of, 205, 237, 238, 246
modulator-demodulator. See modem
Mondale, Walter, 122
Mondo 2000 (magazine), 60
monopoly. See antitrust
Moore, Cindy Tittle, 269
Moore, Gordon, 246
Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 22, 25-26, 30
Moore's Law, 246
Morningstar, Chip, 133-34
Morris, Robert T., 136-37
Morse, Samuel, 5, 6, 8-9
Morse code, 5, 6, 8-9
Mosaic (Mosaic for X), 164, 171-73, 177, 200
free copies, 154, 172, 176
point-and-click interface, 171, 176, 200, 210
widespread popularity of, 153, 154
See also Netscape Navigator
Mosaic Communications Corporation. See Netscape
Communications
Mostek 6502, 130
motion pictures. See films
mouse, 100, 114, 116
invention of, 115
moving assembly line, 2
Mozilla project, 234, 236
MS-DOS, 67, 86, 148
Michelangelo virus threat to, 168
MsgGroup, 103
MSN, 263
MTV, 96
MUDs, 99, 100-102, 133
Multicast-Backbone, 169, 185
multicasting, 169
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing
Service), 53, 72
multimedia, 107, 108, 251
Multimedia Super Corridor, 225
Multiple Access Computer, 53
Multiuser Dimensions. See MUDs
Multiuser Domains. See MUDs
Multiuser Dungeons. See MUDs
multiuser games, 101, 133-34
Murray, Mike, 117
[back to top]
N
Nader, Ralph, 236
Nakamura, Masaya, 111
Namco, 111
name servers, 110, 112, 118
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 34,
39, 43, 45, 56, 134
Nation (magazine), 70
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. See NASA
National Cash Register, 2
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 153, 154,
171, 173, 176
Best Site Award, 185
first Web server, 202
National Communications Competition and Information
Infrastructure Act of 1994, 177-78
national defense. See military
National Defense Education Act of 1958, 34
"National Fido Hour," 112, 114
National Information Infrastructure task force, 178
National Institute for Research in Computer Science
and Control (France), 179
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 169, 170
National Public Telecomputing Network, 135
National Science Foundation
Internet domain names administration, 173, 175, 194-96
NSFnet, 125-26, 127, 134, 145, 155, 157
NSFnet dissolution, 158
vBNS high-speed network, 205
National Science Foundation Act of 1950, 155, 156
Amendment of 1992, 155, 158
National Security Agency, U.S., 81, 159, 169-70, 171
Naughton, Patrick, 165
Navigator. See Netscape Navigator
Navisoft, 182-83
Navy, U.S., 22, 26, 27
NBC, 40, 206
NCP (Network Control Protocol), 62, 109, 110
NCs. See network computers
NCSA. See National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Neidorf, Craig, 144
Nelson, Ralph, 108
Nelson, Stewart, 75
Nelson, Ted, 25, 53-54, 56
biography, 108
hypertext, 53, 126
Xanadu, 37, 54, 107-9
neo-Nazi propaganda, 204
Nerds 2.0.1 (Segaller), 148
"Nerds 2.0.1" (television documentary), 163
Net, The (film), 32
NetAction, 236
Netcenter, 266
Netcom, 197
Netherlands, 126, 186
NetRatings, 117
Netscape Communications, 3, 92, 125, 154-55
AOL purchase of, 143, 192, 234, 236, 263
browser. See Mosaic; Netscape Navigator
cofounding, 173, 176-77
competition with Microsoft, 192, 223, 224, 234
complaint against Microsoft, 210-11, 222
Java licensing, 200
Linux operating system, 233, 234
revenues, 154, 177
Yahoo! link, 182
Netscape Navigator, 164, 177, 263
Java inclusion, 200
Linux-compatible version, 233
Microsoft Internet Explorer war, 192, 210-11, 222, 234
as Mosaic replacement, 154, 164, 177
point-and-click interface, 210
XML addition, 226
Netware, 148
Netware 2.0, 98
network computers
applications and costs, 264
first working prototype, 208-9, 208
future trends, 263-66
Network Control Protocol, 62, 109, 110
Network Information Center, 112, 173
networking, 4, 6-7, 25
background, 33, 34-35
civilian/nonhobbyist, 126
commercial, 155-56, 157-58
consumer electronic devices, 165
danger potentials, 121-23, 160
distributed, 35, 45-47
electronic message-posting. See bulletin board systems
Ethernet, 63, 66, 78, 79, 98, 100, 148
first long-distance connection, 52
first multicomputer. See ARPAnet
formation of three separate networks, 65
free public access, 126, 134-36
gateways, 82, 90, 91, 109
hacker ethic, 60
high-speed, 205
interactive, 48-49, 53, 90-91
intercommunication paper, 80-82
local area, 66, 78-79, 98, 110, 148
microchip effects on, 36
mobile computer, 71
modems, 42-43
name servers, 118
operating systems, 98
personal computers, 96, 97-98
as political activist tool, 141
privacy protection, 81
proliferation, 99
protocols, 60, 65
public-access, 126, 134-36
router, 148
security, 123, 124-25
start-up companies, 148
store-and-forward design, 105
supercomputer, 134, 205
TCP-based, 63, 65, 90-91
TCP/IP protocol, 91, 109-10
worm effects on, 136-37
See also ALOHAnet; ARPAnet; Internet; NSFnet;
SATnet; Usenet
Network Solutions, Incorporated, 173, 175, 189-90, 194-96,
227, 229
AlterNIC challenge to, 217, 219-20
Network Station, 208
Network Technologies International, 127
Network Working Group, 60, 228
neural gates, 24
neural nets, 23
neurology, 23
Neuromancer (Gibson), 119-20
Nevada, 184
New Africa (publication), 138
"newbies," 99
Newfoundland, 10, 11
New Hacker's Dictionary, The, 57
Newman, Max, 29
Newman, Nathan, 236
newsgroups
AOL, 266
cancelbot message erasures, 211-12
defined, 211
illegal content in Germany, 203-4
moderated, 269
Scientology dispute, 186
Usenet, 96, 99, 102-3, 269
as virtual community, 269
news information
online, 156, 194, 231
push technology, 220-21
Starr report online release, 230, 232
newspapers, 8, 231
New York Times (newspaper), 198, 219, 229
New Zealand, 126
NeXT, Inc., 127, 130, 131-32, 150
Next Generation Internet (NGI) program, 205
NeXTSTEP, 132-33
NGI (Next Generation Internet), 205
NIC (Network Information Center), 112, 173
NiftyServe, 133
Nintendo, 111
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 169, 170
Nixon, Richard M., 64, 81
NJE communications protocol, 105
Nobel Prize for Physics, 6
"noisy channels," 30
nonlinear differential equations, 21
nonsequential access, 37, 54, 194
nonsequential connections. See hyperlinks; hypertext
Norris, William, 35, 41
North American Air Defense, 140
Northern Light, 181
Norway, 56, 80, 90
Norwegian Computing Center, 56
"NOT" (as logical operator), 9, 10
Novell Corporation, 98, 148
Noyce, Robert, 44-45
NPTN (National Public Telecomputing Network), 135
NSA. See National Security Agency
NSFnet
Acceptable Use Policy, 155, 157, 158
dissolution of, 158
founding of, 125-26, 127, 134, 145
vBNS speed vs., 205
NSI. See Network Solutions, Incorporated
NT operating system, 262
nuclear attack, 35, 40, 45, 122
"Nuremberg Files, The" (antiabortion Web site), 174, 191
Nygaard, Kristen, 56-57
[back to top]
O
Oak. See Java
object-oriented programming, 56-57, 127, 130, 134
described, 133, 150
obscene material, 207, 218
octal system, 47
OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), 210
Oersted, Hans Christian, 8
office machines, 13, 22
Office of Scientific Research and Development, U.S., 25
Office of Telecommunications Authority, Hong Kong, 199
Oguibe, Olu, 265
"On Computable Numbers" (Turing), 14, 15, 17
"On Distributed Communication Networks" (Baran), 45
online advertising, 117, 239-40
online banking. See banking, electronic
online businesses, 155, 156
online content, 156
online food service, 185, 187
online news, 156, 194, 231
online security, 179
online shopping, 156, 179-80, 239, 246-49
intelligent agents, 259
low prices, 247-48
tax issues, 256-57
online taxes, 256
"on/off" binary system, 5
Onyx Systems, 201
OOP. See object-oriented programming
open-architecture personal computer, 97
Open Root Server Confederation, 229
open-source software. See free software movement
operating systems, 37, 59
defined, 72
IBM PC, 97
Java ability to run on all, 199, 200-201, 262
Linux, 67, 68, 85, 89, 159, 161, 232-34
Microsoft bundling charges, 209, 221-23, 224, 261
Microsoft development, 67, 86, 89, 97, 148;
See also Windows
Microsoft Java alterations, 262
MS-DOS, 67, 86, 148
network, 98
NeXTSTEP, 132-33
shared, 67
Unix, 68, 71-73, 72, 102, 132
UUCP transfer protocol, 68
Operation Desert Storm, 160
Operation Home Front, 206
Operation Sun Devil, 123, 143, 144, 147, 149
"OR" (as logical operator), 9, 10
Oracle Corporation, 208, 209, 264
Oracle Developer Conference (1996), 208, 209
Oregon State University, 138
O'Reilly, Tim, 189
O'Reilly & Associates, 189
organs (computer), 24
original equipment manufacturers, 210
Ornstein, Severo, 62
OS/1 operating system, 148
OS/360, 59
output. See input and output
[back to top]
P
packet-radio networks, 71, 80, 90
packet switching, 45-47, 59
coining of term, 58
first public service, 79-80
Pac-Man, 111
Palo Alto Research Center. See Xerox PARC
Panos organization, 265
Panoussis, Zenon, 186
parallel architecture, 23
parallel computing, 138
parallel processing, 23
PARC. See Xerox PARC
Paris Exposition of 1855, 8
Party Line (phreaking newsletter), 75
passwords, 254
patch, 202
Patent Office, U.S., 11
patents, 158
Pathfinder, 70
Pay-As-We-Go Internet (Metcalfe proposal), 245
pay-per-view television, 91
PCs. See personal computers
PC Week (magazine), 235
PDAs (personal digital assistants), 165, 221
PDP-1 computer, 46, 57
PDP-7 computer, 72
PDP-10 computer, 101
pens, 100
Pentagon. See Defense Department, U.S.
Pentium II, 132
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 196
Perot, Ross, 152, 193
personal computers
Altair 8800, 67, 82-84, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 132
Apple II, 114
birth of, 66-67, 82-84, 85, 86, 87, 114
business-use software, 96
early, 114
GUI activation, 100, 114, 115, 116
home market, 121, 86
IBM-compatible, 97, 114, 168
IBM PC introduction, 97, 114
importance to Internet, 65, 66
Linus operating system, 161
Macintosh, 100, 115, 116, 117, 131
Microsoft software, 86
network computers vs., 209, 264, 265
open-architecture, 97
processor speed, 132
television advertising campaigns, 117
as user-friendly, 100, 115, 116, 118
See also microcomputers
personal digital assistants, 165, 221
personal information, 226-27, 244
cookies, 69, 81, 240, 244
data-gathering methods, 240
intelligent agents, 259
tastes identification, 257
See also privacy
personalized start page, 267
Personal Notes, 77
Personal Software Inc., 146
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), 196
petroleum reservoir simulation, 138
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) software, 158-59
Phiber Optik (pseudonym), 144, 145
"philes," 75
phonautograph, 12
phone lines. See telephone lines
phonograph, 13
photography, 8
phreaking, 64, 75
PicoSpan, 128
PIN number, 91
"pipes" program, 72
piracy, 88, 90, 235
Pizza Hut, Inc, 185, 187
PizzaNet, 187
Planet RX, 98
Planet Search, 181
PLATO, 77
PLATO Notes, 68, 76-77
PNETS (Public Non-Exclusive Telecommunications
Service), 198
point-and-click interface. See GUI
PointCast, 220, 221
point-contact transistor, 28-29
Polese, Kim, 200
political activism, 64, 88, 95-96
online tools, 141
virtual communities, 270
popular culture, 55
Popular Electronics (magazine), 82, 83
pornography, 191, 204, 207, 241, 255
illegality conditions, 218
portals, 266-68
Postel, Jon, 118, 173, 227-30
biography, 228
Pouzin, Louis, 82
poverty, 265
"Preserving Old Ethics in a New Medium" (Lasica), 231
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) software, 158-59
Princeton University, 30
printing press, 55
print media
as "cool" media, 38
"hypertext literacy" fears, 166
mass-marketed newspapers, 8
online content competition, 156
Web sites for, 231
privacy
data mining vs., 193-94, 248
EFF protection of, 124
encryption programs, 91-92, 152-53, 158-59, 170-71, 240
fears of online violations, 69, 244
intelligent agents and, 257, 258, 259
key-escrow system and, 170-71
personal information collection, 226-27, 244
protection measures, 81
security vs., 159
Supreme Court ruling, 217
private-key cryptography, 91, 170
proactive agents. See intelligent agents
processors
microchip, 29, 36
serial and parallel, 23
Prodigy, 143
programming
for Altair 8800, 67
Boolean algebra and, 9-10
C (language), 68, 72
compiler, 27
first major languages, 59
game authors, 111
global pool of, 193, 225
of intelligent agents, 257-59
Java language, 117, 165, 166, 199-202
Linux improvements, 161
literal use of "bug," 26-27
message transfers, 73
nineteenth-century precursor, 3, 4, 7
object-oriented language, 56-57, 130, 133
simplification of, 36
software development, 36, 59, 61, 84-87
structured design methodology, 61
virus, 168
WO/RE (Write Once/Run Everywhere), 201
World Wide Web applications, 164
See also software
Project MAC. See MAC
Project Whirlwind, 50
Prophet (pseudonym), 144
proprietary systems, 97
Protest Net, 141
"Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunications, A"
(Cerf and Kahn), 80
PSInet, 157
public-access networking, 126, 134-36
public-access television, 70
public-key encryption system
key-escrow system vs., 170
PGP, 158-59
RSA, 91-92
Public Non-Exclusive Telecommunications Service, 198
publishing
electronic, 107-9, 116, 231
print vs. online content, 156
See also print media
Puerto Rico, 126
pull retrieval, 220
punch cards, 3, 4, 7, 22
punched tape, 20
Purdue University, 137
push technology, 220-21
[back to top]
Q
Q-32 computer, 52
Quantum Computer Services, 126, 133, 142-43; See also
America Online
[back to top]
R
radar data, 42
radio, 4, 18, 169
as ALOHAnet link, 65, 69, 71, 78, 80, 104
first transatlantic transmission, 6, 8
hams, 16
as "hot" media, 38
indecency content, 207
Martian invasion drama, 18
online stations, 180
packet networks, 71, 80, 90
transistor technology, 29
vacuum tubes, 19
wireless communication, 266
Radio Act of 1927, 6, 16
Radio Shack, 97
railroads, 5
Ramperts (magazine), 75
RAND Corporation, 35, 40, 45, 99, 160
"Rape in Cyberspace, A" (Dibell), 174
Raskin, Jef, 116, 131
Raymond, Eric, 85, 89
reading skills, 166
READMAIL, 73
Reagan administration, 96, 122
real-time computing, 36, 49, 50-52, 163
Web interactivity, 165, 199, 202
recession, 151-52
Red Hat, 89, 233
redundant routing. See distributed network
Reed, Lowell A., Jr., 217
regulation. See Government, Internet regulation
relays, electromagnetic, 18-19
Remington Rand, 2, 30, 31, 41
remote control, 165
Reno, Janet, 217
Reno v. ACLU, 217
Requests for Comments. See RFC
Reservisor, 50
retail services, online, 179-80, 187, 239, 246-49
Reynolds, Joyce, 173
RFCs (Request for Comments), 60, 228
RFC 882, 118
RFC 920, 173
RFC 2648, 228
Rheingold, Howard, 106, 271
Rimm, Martin, 218
Ringling Brothers, 196
Ritchie, Dennis M., 71, 72
Rivest, Ron, 91, 92
Roadrunner Computer Systems, 195
Robb, John, 259
Robby the Robot (computer film hero), 32
Roberts, Ed, 67, 82-83, 84, 87, 88, 89
Roberts, Larry, 56, 58
ARPAnet debut, 74
ARPAnet outline, 61, 62
mobile computer network, 71
packet switching, 47, 58, 59
as TELEnet head, 80
transcontinental computer connection, 34, 52
Robocop (film), 32
robots, 257, 258
role-playing games. See MUDs
Rolling Stone (magazine), 46
Rosing, Wayne, 165
router, 148
royalties, 88, 89, 107
RSA Data Security, Inc., 92, 158
RSA encryption system, 91-92
rural areas, 265
Russell, Steve, 46
Russia, 8, 193, 205
encryption standards, 250
See also Soviet Union
[back to top]
S
SABRE project, 36, 49, 50-52
SAFE See Security and Freedom through Encryption
SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), 50
sales tax, 256
Salinger, Pierre, 18
Salon (magazine), 89, 230, 231, 233, 271
Samuelson, Patricia, 214
San Francisco Bay Area, 121
Santa Clara (California), 157
Santa Cruz Operation Global Access, 187
satellites, 70, 71, 104
as Internet access, 265
as SATnet link, 65, 71, 80, 90
Sputnik launching, 33-34, 39, 43
U.S. government tapping operation, 81
SATnet, 65, 71, 80, 90
Sausalito (California), 128
Scantlebury, Roger, 58-59
Scheutz, Georg and Edvard, 7-8
schools. See education
science fiction (sci-fi)
computer hacking link, 85
computers as film good guys/bad guys, 32
cyberpunk, 120
"cyberspace" introduced as term, 119-20
cyborgs, 119
War of the Worlds radio broadcast, 18
Scientific American (magazine), 259
scientific research
data mining, 205
Escrowed Encryption Initiative opposition, 170
Internet2, 238, 260-61
national defense, 34, 39, 40
network plan, 54, 56
NSFnet, 125-26, 127, 134, 145, 155, 157, 158
programming languages, 59
space race, 39, 43
superconductors, 41
Scientology, 186
Scorpion (pseudonym), 144
Sculley, John, 131
search engines, 10, 127, 180-82
defined, 266
Sears, 143
secondary schools, 112, 114
Second International World Wide Web Conference (1994), 185
secret-key system, 91
Secret Service, U.S., 123, 144, 145, 149
Secure Public Networks bill, 249
Security and Freedom through Encryption bill, 241, 249
security precautions
business worries, 124-25
extranets, 254
illegal hacking, 140
Internet commerce, 69, 179-80
privacy rights vs., 159
system break-ins, 122-23, 140
See also computer crime; encryption; privacy
Sega, 47, 98, 111
Segaller, Stephen, 148, 210
semiconductors, 28, 44, 132
Senate, U.S.
home page, 185
Judiciary Committee, 223
SendMail, 136, 137
Sequence Controlled Calculator. See Mark I
Sequoia Capital, 98, 148, 182
serial computers, 23
serial processors, 23
sex-chat services (France), 106
sexual-content sites, 204, 207
sexually explicit material. See indecent content; pornography
SF. See science fiction
SF-LOVERS, 85
SF-Lovers home page, 85
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), 164, 224
Shamir, Adi, 91, 92
Shannon, Claude, 30
shared information, 67, 162
Sheridan, Mike, 165
Shimomura, Tsutomu, 197
ship navigation, 6
Shockley, William, 28, 29
Shockwave, 117
shopping. See online shopping
shovelware, 231
Siegel, Martha, 183, 184
silicon, 28, 29, 43, 44
Silicon Graphics, 154, 176
Silicon Valley, 95, 98, 130, 165, 173, 176, 233
"bodyshopping," 225
Simula, 56-57
Singapore, 205
Sixth International World Wide Web Conference (1997), 79
Sketch of the Analytical Engine (Byron), 3, 7
Skipjack, 170, 171
Skolnick, Cliff, 202
Small Scale Experimental Machine ("Manchester Baby"), 29
"smart bombs," 160
"smart" equipment, 250-51, 253
Smith, Doc, 85
Smith, Ralph Lee, 70
Snap, 181, 267
SNDMSG program, 73
Snyder, Elizabeth, 28
soc.feminism, 269
Society for Public Access Computing, 135
Softpac (Software Professionals' Political Action Committee), 225
software
antivirus, 3, 168
blockers for objectionable material, 235, 255
business applications, 59, 96
collaborative agents, 258
collaborative filtering, 257
compiler, 27, 28
consumer electronics, 165-66
"copylefted," 161
development as engineering discipline, 36, 59, 61
encryption, 158-59, 170, 171
first universal, 166
hacker theft of, 123
as intellectual property, 67
intelligent agents, 257, 258, 259
Internet long-distance phone, 212-13
Microsoft bundling, 209, 210, 221-23, 224
Microsoft royalty deal, 88, 89; See also "software flap" below
networking technology development, 97-98
open-source. See free software movement
patch, 202
piracy, 88, 90, 235
PLATO, 77
shared vs. property rights to, 67, 88-90, 235
structured design methodology, 61
text-reader, 12
U.S. export restrictions, 158, 171, 193, 249
Web site creation, 156
See also programming; specific languages, programs,
and types
"software flap," 67, 88, 89, 90, 235
Software Publishers' Association, 235
Solomon, Les, 83
Somalia, 265
Somm, Felix, 204
SoPAC (Society for Public Access Computing), 135
Source, 143
source code, 89, 161
Southwestern Bell, 89
Soviet Union
collapse of, 40
hacker espionage, 122, 139
Sputnik launch, 33-34, 39, 43
See also Cold War; Russia
SPA (Software Publishers' Association), 235
space exploration, 33-34, 39, 43, 45
Spacewar, 46, 85
Spaink, Karin, 186
spam, 69, 99, 183-84, 269
speech freedom. See free speech
Sperry Rand, 41
spider. See indexing spider
split shifting, 193, 225
SPN (Secure Public Networks) bill, 249
spreadsheet programs, 96, 146
Sputnik, 33-34, 39, 43
Sputnik II, 39, 43
spying. See espionage
Srinivasan, Srinija, 182
SSEM (Small Scale Experimental Machine; "Manchester
Baby"), 29
Stallman, Richard, 89, 159, 161
Standard Generalized Markup Language, 164, 224
standardization
ASCII representation, 47
encryption, 250
IBM PC components, 97
Internet, 98, 104, 109, 167
Stanford Research Institute, 62, 112, 115
Stanford University, 76, 82, 98, 155, 180, 182, 266
Starr, Kenneth, 230
Starr report, 230, 232
*7 ("star seven"), 165-66
Star Trek (television program), 83, 85
Star Wars (film), 32
Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative), 122
Star workstation, 116
Stealth bomber, 160
Stealth Project (later Green Project), 165-66, 200
Steelcase Corporation, 206
Stevenson, Adlai, 32
stock market, 125
stock valuation, 86, 156
Stoll, Cliff, 122-23, 137, 139
Stone, Sandy, 113
store-and-forward design, 105
stored-program computers, 17, 25, 27, 29, 59
UNIVAC, 30-32
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars), 122
student protesters. See counterculture; political activism
Su, Zaw-Sing, 118
Suess, Randy, 68, 92, 93
Sun Devil agents. See Operation Sun Devil
Sun Microsystems, 92, 125, 136
AOL deal, 234, 263
complaint against Microsoft, 223, 224, 262-63
embedded systems, 251, 253
Java debut, 199-202
McNealy leadership, 201
network computer, 208-9
Stealth Project, 165-66
Super Bowl (1984), 100, 116, 117
super-cluster computing, 205
supercomputers, 138
CDC models, 35, 41
NSFnet centers, 134
vBNS network, 205
Supreme Court, U.S., 153, 191, 207, 217, 255
Surkan, Michael, 235
Surman, Mark, 70
surveillance, 68-69, 81, 87, 88, 258
Sutherland, Ivan, 54
switches, 14, 19, 20
packet, 45-47, 58, 59, 79-80
transistor, 28-29, 44
symbolic logic, 9-10
symmetric cryptography, 91
Symposium on Operating Principles (1967), 58-59
sysops (system operators), 112
System Development Corporation, 52
system operators, 112
[back to top]
T
tablets, 100
Tabulating Machine Company, 4, 14
Taiwan, 205
Talbot, David, 231
Tandy, 143
TRS-80 personal computer, 114
TAP (Technical Assistance Program), 75
taste-mates, 257
taxation, 256-57
Taylor, Bob (Robert), 34-35, 54, 56, 58, 69, 71, 115
TCP (Transfer Control Protocol), 80, 82, 99
Cerf-Kahn proposal, 63, 65, 109, 110
individual message routing, 91
internetwork message, 90
TCP/IP protocol, 91, 99, 109-10, 253
Tech Model Railroad Club, 57
Technical Assistance Program, 75
"techno-coolies," 225
telecommunications
legislation, 6, 16, 70, 177-78, 206-7, 252, 265
universal access, 177-78, 252, 265
See also media; specific types
Telecommunications Development Fund, 265
Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996, 70, 206-7, 252, 265
telegraph, 4, 5, 6, 8-9
Telematique, 106, 106
TELEnet, 79-80
telephone
antimonopoly law, 178
cellular, 221, 238, 265
deregulation, 265
hearing aids, 252
invention of, 4, 6, 8, 11-13
poverty areas lack of, 265
significance of, 13
transistor technology, 28, 29
vacuum tubes, 19
voice encryption chip, 170
telephone lines
as ARPAnet transmission, 65, 69
blue boxes, 130
electromagnetic relays, 18
French videotext information system, 106
hacking criminality, 75, 144
long-distance calls via Internet, 6, 212-13
long-distance codes theft, 140
long-distance computer linkage, 52
modem use, 36, 42-43
party lines, 240
"phreaking" break-ins, 64, 75
as Usenet transmission, 102
television, 169, 256
advertising infusion, 270
cable, 70, 178, 246
as cultural study object, 55
first color broadcasts, 8
Gulf War involvement, 160
indecency content, 207
interactive, 200
Internet-enabled, 251
JFK assassination coverage, 51
Macintosh debut commercial, 100, 116, 117
pay-per-view, 91
theory development, 8
as ultimate "cool" media, 38
Telnet, 62
TEN, 111
Terminator (film), 32
terrorists, 170
Tetzlaff, David, 235
Texas, 222
Texas Instruments, 44-45, 83
text messaging, 252
text-reader programs, 12, 252
text telephone system, 252
Thach, Truett, 62
thermostat, 251
Third World. See developing nations
Thompson, Ken, 71, 72
thought-crimes, 174
threatening words, 174, 191
3Com Corporation, 63, 66, 79, 98, 122, 148
386 CPU, 132
Tiananmen Square protests, 141
Tibet, 159
Time (magazine), 218
Time Inc., 70
time-sharing system, 48, 66, 72, 73, 93
Licklider vision, 37, 53
MAC, 53
MULTICS, 53, 72
PLATO, 76-77
time stamps, 91
Time-Warner, 70
TMRC (Tech Model Railroad Club), 57
toading, 174
Tolkien, J. R. R., 85, 99, 101
Tomlinson, Ray, 5, 6, 68, 73-74
Torvalds, Linus, 159, 161, 232-34
trackballs, 100
trademarks, 190, 194-96
traffic-flow analysis, 57
Traf-o-Data, 86
Transactions on Communications (journal), 80
transatlantic radio, 8
transatlantic telegraph cable, 5, 9, 10-11
transatlantic telephone, 6, 8
transcendental meditation, 146
Transfer Control Protocol. See TCP
transistor, 28-29, 35, 44
Treasury Department, U.S., 170
"trickle-down" economics, 96
Tripp, Linda, 232
Trubshaw, Roy, 100, 101
Truscott, Tom, 99, 102
TSR Games, 100-101
TTY (text telephone system), 252
Turing, Alan, 14-17
biography, 15
Turing machine, 16-17
Turkle, Sherri, 259
2001 (film), 32
TX-2 computer, 52
typewriter, 12
[back to top]
U
UCLA. See University of California, Los Angeles
UDI (Universal Document Identifier), 165
underground telegraph line, 8
Understanding Media (McLuhan), 38, 55
"Uneven Development of Places, The: From Bodyshopping to
Global Assembly Lines" (Mir and Yajnik), 225
UNICEF, 198
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Soviet Union
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Nations home page, 175, 176
United States
domain name registration policy, 173, 189, 190, 194-96
encryption standards, 250
intellectual property protections, 213-14
Operation Home Front, 206
radio regulation, 6
software export restrictions, 158, 171, 193
Sputnik shock, 33-34, 39, 43
telegraph, 5
transatlantic cable, 10-11
See also government; law; specific agencies, entities, and
organizations under key word
UNIVAC, 27, 30-32, 31, 41
universal access, 177-78, 252, 265
UNIversal Automatic Computer. See UNIVAC
Universal Document Identifier, 165
Universal Resource Locator, 127, 150, 155, 165
universal software, first, 166
universities. See academic centers; specific institutions
University College, London, 90
University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development, 205
University of California, Berkeley, 48, 60, 73, 137
University of California, Los Angeles, 48, 61, 62, 228
University of California, Santa Barbara, 61
University of Göttinger, 8
University of Hawaii, 71, 80
University of Illinois, Chicago, 216
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 68, 76-77; See also
National Center for Supercomputing Applications
University of Michigan, 174
University of Minnesota, 153, 161
University of Nevada, 161
University of North Carolina, 99, 102-3
University of Pennsylvania, 22, 25-26, 30, 32
University of Southampton, England, 108
University of Southern California, 168, 228
Information Sciences Institute, 90
University of Utah, 48, 61
Unix operating system, 68, 71-73, 72, 102, 132
importance to Usenet evolution, 73
as Linux basis, 159, 192
Mosaic browser, 154, 176
Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol, 68, 73, 102
URL (Universal Resource Locator), 127, 150, 155, 165
Usenet, 181
anonymous postings, 211
cancelbot newsgroup erasures, 211-12
establishment of, 99, 102-3, 105
newsgroups, 96, 99, 102-3, 269
overseas connections, 102-3
public-key encryption software posting, 158
Scientology newsgroup controversy, 186
Unix system's importance to, 73
user-friendly interface
domain names as addresses, 173
Gopher browser, 161
Internet access, 153-54
Mosaic browser, 172
personal computer, 100, 115, 116, 118
See also GUI
USSR. See Soviet Union
UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol), 68, 73, 102
UUnet, 157
[back to top]
V
vacuum tubes, 19, 20, 21, 26
obsolescence, 28, 44
vandalism, online, 198
van Dam, Andries, 56
Vanguard, 39
variables, 9-10
Vassar College, 27
vBNS (high-speed network), 205
Ventura, Jesse ("the Body"), 270
venture capitalists, 98, 148, 154, 155, 182
Veronica, 161-62
vibrating pagers, 252
Victoria, queen of Great Britain, 11
video arcade games, 111
video camera, 251
video games. See computer games
videotext, 106, 106
Vietnam War, 38, 65, 68, 75, 113
Viewtron, 143
Village Voice (newspaper), 81, 174
Viola.WWW, 164
violence, incitement to, 174, 191
Virginia, 184
virtual communities, 38, 121, 268-71
American overseas military, 206
crime and punishment, 174
Echo, 129
electronic role-playing games, 100
hippie, 113
PLATO Notes, 76-77
SF fan groups, 85
social and cultural benefits, 269-71
WELL's success, 121, 127-29
See also bulletin board systems
Virtual Communities (Rheingold), 106
virtual crime, 174
virtual hippiedom, 113
virtual reality, 12, 40, 146
modeling language, 252
networked programs, 260
virus
antivirus software, 3, 168
coining of term, 168
definition of, 168
Michelangelo, 168-69
worm vs., 136
VISA, 206
VisiCalc, 146
vision impairment, 12, 252
visual anonymity, 101
voice activation, 252
voice encryption chip, 170
voice recognition, 253
voice transmission, 212-13
von Neumann, John, 22-24, 29, 30
VRML (virtual reality modeling language), 252
[back to top]
W
Walden, Dave, 62
Wallich, Paul, 40, 269
Walson, John, 70
Ward, Grady, 186
wares traders, 235
war games (computer), 46
War Games (film), 32, 122
Warner Brothers, 195, 268
Warner Communications, 47, 98, 111
War of the Worlds (radio program), 18
Warth, Chris, 165
Washington (state), 184
Washington, D.C., 5, 8
Washington Post (newspaper), 81
Wassenaar Arrangement, 250
Watergate affair, 64, 68, 81
Watson, Thomas, 11, 13, 22
WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency
Service), 28
Wayner, Peter, 219
Weapon Cam, 160
Web. See World Wide Web
Webcasting. See push technology
Webcrawler, 181, 182
Weber, W. E., 8
Webmasters, 183
WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link), 4, 60, 121, 126, 127-29
hacker civil rights conference, 145, 147, 149
nonanonymity rule, 128
Welles, Orson, 19
Wescoff, Marlyn, 28
Western Union, 52
Westinghouse, 40
What You See is What You Get. See WYSIWYG
Where Wizards Stay Up Late (Hafner and Lyon), 60
White House
home page, 156, 175, 176, 185
Starr report online, 230, 232
White Paper on Intellectual Property (Lehman), 213-14
"whizzy-wig" format. See WYSIWYG
Whole Earth Catalog, The, 60, 127, 128
Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link. See WELL
Whole Earth Review, 127
Williams, F. C., 29
Williams College, 142
windows (GUI component), 100, 114, 200
Windows (operating system), 67, 116, 132
AutoPC, 253
first verion on market, 86
GUI function, 86, 233
hyperlink and hypertext basis, 37
Internet Explorer free inclusion, 210
Java and, 200, 223, 224
Mosaic browser, 154, 172, 176
user numbers, 89
Windows 95, 222, 223, 224
Windows 98, 262
Windows NT, 223
Wind River Systems, 251, 253
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), 194, 213-14
Wired (magazine), 55, 60, 175, 186, 196, 211
international property rights article, 214
Web site, 202
"Wired Nation, The" (Smith), 70
wireless. See radio
wiretapping, 81, 170
Wolf, Gary, 37
Wolfgang and the Were Wolves (band), 185
women
feminists, 96, 119, 269
virtual community, 129, 269
World War II "Computer" job title, 28
Woodward, Bob, 81
Woolley, David R., 77
WordPerfect 8, 233
word processing, 108, 166
words, social costs of, 174, 191
WO/RE (Write Once/Run Everywhere), 201
workforce
bodyshopping, 225
extranet replacing, 254
global pool of programmers, 193, 225
machines replacing humans, 2-3
mobile, 221
network computer, 208-9
split shifting, 193, 225
workstation, 127, 131-32, 205
World Bank, 225
WorldCom, 143
World Intellectual Property Organization, 194, 213-14
World Internet Alliance, 229
World War I, 6, 16
World War II
Colossus computer, 15, 20-21, 29
MIT flight simulator project, 50
women Computers, 28
World Wide Web, 16, 135, 156-87
advertising banners, 117, 239-40, 243-44
animation, 165, 199
applications writing, 164
audio, 165, 169
Berners-Lee vision of, 162, 166
birth of, 126-27, 149-50, 151, 162-64, 178
browsers, 81, 86, 153-54, 164, 171-73, 177, 200
browser war, 86, 89, 192, 209-11
bulletin board systems decline in face of, 94
chat rooms, 6
components criteria, 164
content delivery, 156, 220-21
cookies, 69, 81, 240, 244
corporate web sites, 183
credibility factor, 18
directories, 181, 266
disabled people's access to, 12, 252
embedded systems, 250-51, 253
Extensible Markup Language, 224, 226
film depictions of, 32
forums on controversial events, 51
GUI standard, 118
Hall of Fame, 185
home page design and editng, 183
home pages, 156, 175-76, 185, 187, 226
hyperlinks and hypertexts, 37
hypertext as basis of, 54, 107-9, 126-27, 149-50, 162-64, 178
international conferences, 184-85
Java applications, 199, 202
metasearchers, 181
naming of, 150
network computer as access tool, 264
news sites, 136, 231
NeXT hardware/software, 130, 133
Operation Home Front, 206
personal computers as essential to, 66
personal information protection, 226-27
political activists' use of, 141
popularity of, 68
portals, 266-68
real-time interactivity, 165, 199, 202
search engines, 10, 127, 180-82, 266
server software, 202-3
site creation, 156
specifications and standards, 178-79
speed, 237-38, 244-46
universal access, 177-78, 252, 265
video games, 111
See also cyberspace; virtual communities
WorldWideWeb (graphical browser), 153
World Wide Web Consortium, 163, 178-79, 224, 226, 252
World Wide Web Virtual Library, 182
World Wide Web Worm, 182
worm, 136-37
Wozniak, Steve, 75, 124, 130, 147, 149
Wray, Stefan, 141
Wrens (Women's Royal Naval Service), 28
Write Once/Run Everywhere, 201
Writing Space, The (Bolter), 166
W3 Consortium, 163, 178-79, 224, 226, 252
WWW. See World Wide Web
WYSIWYG ("whizzy-wig"), 150, 183
[back to top]
X
Xanadu, 37, 54, 107-9
Xanadu Operating Company, 108
Xerox Corporation, 91, 100, 115, 136
Xerox PARC
Ethernet development, 66, 78, 79
first GUI, 100, 115-16
importance in computer research, 66, 100, 148
IP-Multicast, 169
LamdaMoo system, 174
Xerox Star, 116
X-Files, The (television program), 68
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 224, 226
XOC (Xanadu Operating Company), 108
Xoom, 271
[back to top]
Y
Yahoo!, 98, 155, 180-82
as prominant portal, 266-67, 268
vandalization of Web site, 198
web site, 180
Yajnik, Maya, 225
Yale University, 99, 105
Yang, Jerry, 155, 180-82
Yates, Bill, 83
Year 2000 computer problem, 266
Yenta, 259
Yippies, 64, 75
"Yo Ho Ho and a Server of Warez" (Tetzlaff), 235
Youth International Party. See Yippies
youth movement. See counterculture
[back to top]
Z
Z1 and Z2 computing machines, 17-19
Z3 computing machine, 19
Zapatistas, 141
Zapruder, Abraham, 51
Zimmermann, Phil, 158-59
ZNX Software Systems, 251, 253
ZORK, 101
[back to top]
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